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The proportions of solar radiation reflected by a surface or object, expressed in percentage. Snow-covered surfaces have high albedo level; ground (soil) albedo can be high or low; vegetation-covered surfaces and oceans have low albedo level. The Earth’s albedo...

The word ‘biome’ – ‘bios’ (from Ancient Greek βίο, meaning ‘life’) and ‘ome’ (a variation of ōma, from Ancient Greek ωμα, meaning ‘mass’ or ‘group’) – was first used in 1943 by the American botanist Frederic Edward Clements, to define a biological unit or...

Paper commissioned by the government of the United Kingdom on the effects on the global economy of climate change in the next 50 years. It was coordinated by World Bank economist, Sir Nicholas Stern, and published on October 30, 2006. One of the main conclusions of...