Indigenous Lands (ILs) in the Brazilian Amazon effectively inhibit deforestation (1, 2, 3), preserving cultural and natural resources, as well as ecosystem services. Combined with protected areas (PAs), IL creation is largely responsible for Brazil’s successful trajectory in reducing deforestation (4, 5). Yet, these benefits are not guaranteed until ILs achieve legal recognition, which is necessary to empower indigenous peoples and hinder illegal activities.
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Fire is the least expensive and most broadly used method of clearing land and converting forest biomass into soil nutrients for pastures and crops in the tropics. Fire is also used to control weeds and to reinvigorate palatable pasture grasses. Even if beneficial for farmers over the short run, intensification of deforestation and burning impose long-term costs on individuals and society.
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