This paper offers an analytical model for policy analysis. It aims at providing a comprehensive framework of instruments to assess whether and how a policy is leading towards sustainability in a broad, deep and transformational sense.

Understory fires represent an accelerating threat to Amazonian tropical forests and can, during drought, affect larger areas than deforestation itself. These fires kill trees at rates varying from < 10 to c. 90% depending on fire intensity, forest disturbance...

Tropical dry forests and savannas harbour unique biodiversity and provide critical ES, yet they are under severe pressure globally. We need to improve our understanding of how and when this pressure provokes tipping points in biodiversity and the associated...